the study of language change over time and how languages are related

(aka structural linguistics) the study of how contemporary languages differ in terms of their formal structure

the study of the human past in societies that have written documents

the study of (mostly) human communication, including its origins, history, and contemporary variation and change subfields: historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics

the study of DNA within and across populations to seek and explain differences in the biological makeup and behavior of contemporary humans

the study of past human cultures through their material remains subfields: prehistoric archaeology, historical archaeology also: underwater archaeology, industrial archaeology, archaeology of contempo

(aka physical anthropology) the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation subfields: primatology, paleoanthropology, contemporary human biological variati

the study of nonhuman members of the order of mammals called primates

the study of human evolution on the basis of the fossil record

the view that one must study all aspects of a culture in order to understand it